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Botswana
BWP Pula · own · 2026-01-01 – 2026-11-10 (UTC)
Value lost in 313 days vs USD, street rate
-0.2%
Street rate 13.8498 on 2026-01-01 → 13.817 on 2026-11-10 per 1 USD.
Share of value lost against USD: 1 − rate(start) / rate(end); below zero, the currency gained.
Street rate gap, 2026-11-10
+3.5%
Street 13.817 / official 13.3511 (Issuer) − 1.
Official counts only when the state itself declares it: the issuer's table or the legal parity.
Official, per 1 USD
Street rate, per 1 USD
Street rate gap, %
Data table
| Date | Official | Street rate | Gap |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-01-01 | 13,071895 | 13,849801 | +6.0% |
| 2026-01-02 | 13,071895 | 14,024712 | +7.3% |
| 2026-01-03 | 13,071895 | 13,976497 | +6.9% |
| 2026-01-04 | 13,071895 | 13,893236 | +6.3% |
| 2026-01-05 | 13,05483 | 13,997231 | +7.2% |
| 2026-01-06 | 12,970169 | 13,948167 | +7.5% |
| 2026-01-07 | 12,987013 | 13,928923 | +7.3% |
| 2026-01-08 | 13,05483 | 13,990011 | +7.2% |
| 2026-01-09 | 13,071895 | 13,960147 | +6.8% |
| 2026-01-10 | 13,071895 | 13,991465 | +7.0% |
| 2026-01-11 | 13,071895 | 13,974215 | +6.9% |
| 2026-01-12 | 13,03781 | 13,885846 | +6.5% |
| 2026-01-13 | 13,03781 | 13,890826 | +6.5% |
| 2026-01-14 | 13,020833 | 13,881775 | +6.6% |
| 2026-01-15 | 13,03781 | 13,866006 | +6.4% |
| 2026-01-16 | 13,020833 | 13,870957 | +6.5% |
| 2026-01-17 | 13,020833 | 13,879303 | +6.6% |
| 2026-01-18 | 13,020833 | 13,828084 | +6.2% |
| 2026-01-19 | 13,03781 | 13,755446 | +5.5% |
| 2026-01-20 | 13,03781 | 13,835472 | +6.1% |
| 2026-01-21 | 13,020833 | 13,762997 | +5.7% |
| 2026-01-22 | 12,970169 | 13,768449 | +6.2% |
| 2026-01-23 | 12,903226 | 13,85239 | +7.4% |
| 2026-01-24 | 12,903226 | 13,857367 | +7.4% |
| 2026-01-25 | 12,903226 | 13,907289 | +7.8% |
| 2026-01-26 | 12,83697 | 13,866672 | +8.0% |
| 2026-01-27 | 12,820513 | 13,821051 | +7.8% |
| 2026-01-28 | 12,722646 | 13,835719 | +8.7% |
| 2026-01-29 | 12,658228 | 13,785867 | +8.9% |
| 2026-01-30 | 12,755102 | 13,757648 | +7.9% |
| 2026-01-31 | 12,755102 | 13,763344 | +7.9% |
| 2026-02-01 | 12,755102 | 13,769827 | +8.0% |
| 2026-02-02 | 12,953368 | 13,839669 | +6.8% |
| 2026-02-03 | 12,820513 | 13,779608 | +7.5% |
| 2026-02-04 | 12,820513 | 13,753622 | +7.3% |
| 2026-02-05 | 12,903226 | 13,796331 | +6.9% |
| 2026-02-06 | 12,936611 | 13,77308 | +6.5% |
| 2026-02-07 | 12,936611 | 13,815054 | +6.8% |
| 2026-02-08 | 12,936611 | 13,716122 | +6.0% |
| 2026-02-09 | 12,83697 | 13,772561 | +7.3% |
| 2026-02-10 | 12,787724 | 13,604064 | +6.4% |
| 2026-02-11 | 12,787724 | 13,638293 | +6.7% |
| 2026-02-12 | 12,804097 | 13,527094 | +5.6% |
| 2026-02-13 | 12,83697 | 13,502246 | +5.2% |
| 2026-02-14 | 12,83697 | 13,598454 | +5.9% |
| 2026-02-15 | 12,83697 | 13,659656 | +6.4% |
| 2026-02-16 | 12,804097 | 13,517238 | +5.6% |
| 2026-02-17 | 12,85347 | 13,434196 | +4.5% |
| 2026-02-18 | 12,83697 | 13,564647 | +5.7% |
| 2026-02-19 | 12,870013 | 13,557128 | +5.3% |
| 2026-02-20 | 12,936611 | 13,573568 | +4.9% |
| 2026-02-21 | 12,936611 | 13,581811 | +5.0% |
| 2026-02-22 | 12,936611 | 13,55745 | +4.8% |
| 2026-02-23 | 12,85347 | 13,568764 | +5.6% |
| 2026-02-24 | 12,870013 | 13,569984 | +5.4% |
| 2026-02-25 | 12,83697 | 13,544326 | +5.5% |
| 2026-02-26 | 12,804097 | 13,411029 | +4.7% |
| 2026-02-27 | 12,820513 | 13,317084 | +3.9% |
| 2026-02-28 | 12,820513 | 13,206636 | +3.0% |
| 2026-03-01 | 12,820513 | 13,216414 | +3.1% |
| 2026-03-02 | 12,953368 | 13,190859 | +1.8% |
| 2026-03-03 | 12,970169 | 13,264267 | +2.3% |
| 2026-03-04 | 13,140604 | 13,49257 | +2.7% |
| 2026-03-05 | 13,089005 | 13,519656 | +3.3% |
| 2026-03-06 | 13,175231 | 13,539737 | +2.8% |
| 2026-03-07 | 13,175231 | 13,548244 | +2.8% |
| 2026-03-08 | 13,175231 | 13,511955 | +2.6% |
| 2026-03-09 | 13,262599 | 13,493046 | +1.7% |
| 2026-03-10 | 13,03781 | 13,425439 | +3.0% |
| 2026-03-11 | 13,003901 | 13,573247 | +4.4% |
| 2026-03-12 | 13,157895 | 13,580923 | +3.2% |
| 2026-03-13 | 13,280212 | 13,374661 | +0.7% |
| 2026-03-14 | 13,280212 | 13,297151 | +0.1% |
| 2026-03-15 | 13,280212 | 13,431605 | +1.1% |
| 2026-03-16 | 13,315579 | 13,509266 | +1.5% |
| 2026-03-17 | 13,262599 | 13,570095 | +2.3% |
| 2026-03-18 | 13,175231 | 13,647623 | +3.6% |
| 2026-03-19 | 13,368984 | 13,65827 | +2.2% |
| 2026-03-20 | 13,262599 | 13,687659 | +3.2% |
| 2026-03-21 | 13,262599 | 13,699267 | +3.3% |
| 2026-03-22 | 13,262599 | 13,725366 | +3.5% |
| 2026-03-23 | 13,44086 | 13,75276 | +2.3% |
| 2026-03-24 | 13,315579 | 13,759449 | +3.3% |
| 2026-03-25 | 13,333333 | 13,75602 | +3.2% |
| 2026-03-26 | 13,351135 | 13,73727 | +2.9% |
| 2026-03-27 | 13,386881 | 13,742212 | +2.7% |
| 2026-03-28 | 13,386881 | 13,758945 | +2.8% |
| 2026-03-29 | 13,386881 | 13,755916 | +2.8% |
| 2026-03-30 | 13,386881 | 13,751678 | +2.7% |
| 2026-03-31 | 13,422819 | 13,726859 | +2.3% |
| 2026-04-01 | 13,297872 | 13,762847 | +3.5% |
| 2026-04-02 | 13,368984 | 13,810201 | +3.3% |
| 2026-04-03 | 13,368984 | 13,832951 | +3.5% |
| 2026-04-04 | 13,368984 | 13,899538 | +4.0% |
| 2026-04-05 | 13,368984 | 13,854692 | +3.6% |
| 2026-04-06 | 13,368984 | 13,856113 | +3.6% |
| 2026-04-07 | 13,315579 | 13,879606 | +4.2% |
| 2026-04-08 | 13,089005 | 13,862061 | +5.9% |
| 2026-04-09 | 13,12336 | 13,74274 | +4.7% |
| 2026-04-10 | 13,10616 | 13,735198 | +4.8% |
| 2026-04-11 | 13,10616 | 13,794685 | +5.3% |
| 2026-04-12 | 13,10616 | 13,749736 | +4.9% |
| 2026-04-13 | 13,157895 | 13,711751 | +4.2% |
| 2026-04-14 | 13,089005 | 13,699811 | +4.7% |
| 2026-04-15 | 13,05483 | 13,749155 | +5.3% |
| 2026-04-16 | 13,05483 | 13,730522 | +5.2% |
| 2026-04-17 | 13,089005 | 13,772376 | +5.2% |
| 2026-04-18 | 13,089005 | 13,782351 | +5.3% |
| 2026-04-19 | 13,089005 | 13,691382 | +4.6% |
| 2026-04-20 | 13,089005 | 13,658826 | +4.4% |
| 2026-04-21 | 13,071895 | 13,847683 | +5.9% |
| 2026-04-22 | 13,10616 | 13,92124 | +6.2% |
| 2026-04-23 | 13,140604 | 13,917602 | +5.9% |
| 2026-04-24 | 13,21004 | 13,935585 | +5.5% |
| 2026-04-25 | 13,21004 | 13,926987 | +5.4% |
| 2026-04-26 | 13,21004 | 13,785435 | +4.4% |
| 2026-04-27 | 13,157895 | 13,886355 | +5.5% |
| 2026-04-28 | 13,175231 | 13,984543 | +6.1% |
| 2026-04-29 | 13,175231 | 14,052953 | +6.7% |
| 2026-04-30 | 13,315579 | 14,051285 | +5.5% |
| 2026-05-01 | 13,315579 | 14,232033 | +6.9% |
| 2026-05-02 | 13,315579 | 14,237244 | +6.9% |
| 2026-05-03 | 13,315579 | 14,201323 | +6.7% |
| 2026-05-04 | 13,157895 | 14,159718 | +7.6% |
| 2026-05-05 | 13,280212 | 14,235865 | +7.2% |
| 2026-05-06 | 13,140604 | 14,279471 | +8.7% |
| 2026-05-07 | 13,089005 | 14,236848 | +8.8% |
| 2026-05-08 | 13,089005 | 14,321052 | +9.4% |
| 2026-05-09 | 13,089005 | 14,363102 | +9.7% |
| 2026-05-10 | 13,089005 | 14,126258 | +7.9% |
| 2026-05-11 | 13,12336 | 14,114475 | +7.6% |
| 2026-05-12 | 13,140604 | 14,163979 | +7.8% |
| 2026-05-13 | 13,12336 | 14,141196 | +7.8% |
| 2026-05-14 | 13,12336 | 14,156714 | +7.9% |
| 2026-05-15 | 13,12336 | 14,074632 | +7.2% |
| 2026-05-16 | 13,12336 | 14,266519 | +8.7% |
| 2026-05-17 | 13,12336 | ||
| 2026-05-18 | 13,262599 | 14,213685 | +7.2% |
| 2026-05-19 | 13,227513 | 14,106022 | +6.6% |
| 2026-05-20 | 13,262599 | 14,133873 | +6.6% |
| 2026-05-21 | 13,175231 | 14,067941 | +6.8% |
| 2026-05-22 | 13,175231 | 14,074752 | +6.8% |
| 2026-05-23 | 13,175231 | 14,182025 | +7.6% |
| 2026-05-24 | 13,175231 | 14,263273 | +8.3% |
| 2026-05-25 | 13,12336 | 14,145155 | +7.8% |
| 2026-05-26 | 13,10616 | 14,177056 | +8.2% |
| 2026-05-27 | 13,12336 | 14,043162 | +7.0% |
| 2026-05-28 | 13,175231 | 14,104539 | +7.1% |
| 2026-05-29 | 13,071895 | 14,048766 | +7.5% |
| 2026-05-30 | 13,071895 | 13,962109 | +6.8% |
| 2026-05-31 | 13,071895 | 13,984045 | +7.0% |
| 2026-06-01 | 13,071895 | 14,142098 | +8.2% |
| 2026-06-02 | 13,071895 | 14,082168 | +7.7% |
| 2026-06-03 | 13,12336 | 14,044057 | +7.0% |
| 2026-06-04 | 13,12336 | 14,075436 | +7.3% |
| 2026-06-05 | 13,12336 | 14,156181 | +7.9% |
| 2026-06-06 | 13,12336 | 14,152518 | +7.8% |
| 2026-06-07 | 13,12336 | 13,992595 | +6.6% |
| 2026-06-08 | 13,262599 | 13,982564 | +5.4% |
| 2026-06-09 | 13,192612 | 14,024789 | +6.3% |
| 2026-06-10 | 13,227513 | 14,08781 | +6.5% |
| 2026-06-11 | 13,227513 | 14,06163 | +6.3% |
| 2026-06-12 | 13,12336 | 14,088669 | +7.4% |
| 2026-06-13 | 13,12336 | 14,065483 | +7.2% |
| 2026-06-14 | 13,12336 | 13,98383 | +6.6% |
| 2026-06-15 | 13,071895 | 13,897764 | +6.3% |
| 2026-06-16 | 13,10616 | 13,872711 | +5.8% |
| 2026-06-17 | 13,089005 | 13,776239 | +5.3% |
| 2026-06-18 | 13,157895 | 13,847548 | +5.2% |
| 2026-06-19 | 13,245033 | 13,937813 | +5.2% |
| 2026-06-20 | 13,245033 | 13,980013 | +5.5% |
| 2026-06-21 | 13,245033 | 13,902794 | +5.0% |
| 2026-06-22 | 13,227513 | 13,734326 | +3.8% |
| 2026-06-23 | 13,245033 | 13,793309 | +4.1% |
| 2026-06-24 | 13,297872 | 13,909681 | +4.6% |
| 2026-06-25 | 13,315579 | 13,968061 | +4.9% |
| 2026-06-26 | 13,280212 | 13,996858 | +5.4% |
| 2026-06-27 | 13,280212 | 13,967864 | +5.2% |
| 2026-06-28 | 13,280212 | 13,896605 | +4.6% |
| 2026-06-29 | 13,245033 | 13,869839 | +4.7% |
| 2026-06-30 | 13,245033 | 13,816835 | +4.3% |
| 2026-07-01 | 13,245033 | 13,831589 | +4.4% |
| 2026-07-02 | 13,227513 | 13,839248 | +4.6% |
| 2026-07-03 | 13,140604 | 13,74603 | +4.6% |
| 2026-07-04 | 13,140604 | 13,894568 | +5.7% |
| 2026-07-05 | 13,140604 | 13,976272 | +6.4% |
| 2026-07-06 | 13,175231 | 14,090437 | +6.9% |
| 2026-07-07 | 13,175231 | 13,927483 | +5.7% |
| 2026-07-08 | 13,192612 | 13,808987 | +4.7% |
| 2026-07-09 | 13,21004 | 13,89052 | +5.2% |
| 2026-07-10 | 13,175231 | 13,933209 | +5.8% |
| 2026-07-11 | 13,175231 | 13,953094 | +5.9% |
| 2026-07-12 | 13,175231 | 14,005625 | +6.3% |
| 2026-07-13 | 13,227513 | 13,853521 | +4.7% |
| 2026-07-14 | 13,280212 | 13,590377 | +2.3% |
| 2026-07-15 | 13,21004 | 13,589095 | +2.9% |
| 2026-07-16 | 13,192612 | 13,568778 | +2.9% |
| 2026-07-17 | 13,245033 | 13,589919 | +2.6% |
| 2026-07-18 | 13,245033 | 13,581042 | +2.5% |
| 2026-07-19 | 13,245033 | 13,471942 | +1.7% |
| 2026-07-20 | 13,245033 | 13,82134 | +4.4% |
| 2026-07-21 | 13,245033 | 14,098907 | +6.4% |
| 2026-07-22 | 13,280212 | 13,935418 | +4.9% |
| 2026-07-23 | 13,245033 | 13,646866 | +3.0% |
| 2026-07-24 | 13,404826 | 13,768148 | +2.7% |
| 2026-07-25 | 13,404826 | 13,887567 | +3.6% |
| 2026-07-26 | 13,404826 | 13,818637 | +3.1% |
| 2026-07-27 | 13,351135 | 13,78934 | +3.3% |
| 2026-07-28 | 13,422819 | 13,812257 | +2.9% |
| 2026-07-29 | 13,386881 | 13,762263 | +2.8% |
| 2026-07-30 | 13,368984 | 13,688398 | +2.4% |
| 2026-07-31 | 13,245033 | 13,635962 | +3.0% |
| 2026-08-01 | 13,245033 | 13,6255 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-02 | 13,245033 | 13,610978 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-03 | 13,227513 | 13,607653 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-04 | 13,262599 | 13,618586 | +2.7% |
| 2026-08-05 | 13,21004 | 13,594401 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-06 | 13,192612 | 13,551624 | +2.7% |
| 2026-08-07 | 13,192612 | 13,548717 | +2.7% |
| 2026-08-08 | 13,192612 | 13,571107 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-09 | 13,192612 | 13,556532 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-10 | 13,12336 | 13,538861 | +3.2% |
| 2026-08-11 | 13,157895 | 13,551535 | +3.0% |
| 2026-08-12 | 13,140604 | 13,502627 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-13 | 13,140604 | 13,504545 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-14 | 13,157895 | 13,535281 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-15 | 13,157895 | 13,4956 | +2.6% |
| 2026-08-16 | 13,157895 | 13,491922 | +2.5% |
| 2026-08-17 | 13,10616 | 13,557107 | +3.4% |
| 2026-08-18 | 13,175231 | 13,558454 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-19 | 13,157895 | 13,57177 | +3.1% |
| 2026-08-20 | 13,089005 | 13,549363 | +3.5% |
| 2026-08-21 | 13,071895 | 13,465355 | +3.0% |
| 2026-08-22 | 13,071895 | 13,452238 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-23 | 13,071895 | 13,433882 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-24 | 13,05483 | 13,42797 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-25 | 13,05483 | 13,438246 | +2.9% |
| 2026-08-26 | 13,020833 | 13,405688 | +3.0% |
| 2026-08-27 | 13,03781 | 13,401115 | +2.8% |
| 2026-08-28 | 13,05483 | 13,464536 | +3.1% |
| 2026-08-29 | 13,05483 | 13,529164 | +3.6% |
| 2026-08-30 | 13,05483 | 13,476316 | +3.2% |
| 2026-08-31 | 13,140604 | 13,489328 | +2.7% |
| 2026-09-01 | 13,12336 | 13,511705 | +3.0% |
| 2026-09-02 | 13,140604 | 13,549143 | +3.1% |
| 2026-09-03 | 13,10616 | 13,560507 | +3.5% |
| 2026-09-04 | 13,05483 | 13,479897 | +3.3% |
| 2026-09-05 | 13,05483 | 13,454728 | +3.1% |
| 2026-09-06 | 13,05483 | 13,538706 | +3.7% |
| 2026-09-07 | 13,05483 | 13,484656 | +3.3% |
| 2026-09-08 | 13,071895 | 13,475681 | +3.1% |
| 2026-09-09 | 13,05483 | 13,557631 | +3.9% |
| 2026-09-10 | 13,071895 | 13,573991 | +3.8% |
| 2026-09-11 | 13,140604 | 13,529766 | +3.0% |
| 2026-09-12 | 13,140604 | 13,522962 | +2.9% |
| 2026-09-13 | 13,140604 | 13,534744 | +3.0% |
| 2026-09-14 | 13,157895 | 13,581259 | +3.2% |
| 2026-09-15 | 13,21004 | 13,65333 | +3.4% |
| 2026-09-16 | 13,175231 | 13,618176 | +3.4% |
| 2026-09-17 | 13,227513 | 13,681922 | +3.4% |
| 2026-09-18 | 13,21004 | 13,678331 | +3.5% |
| 2026-09-19 | 13,21004 | 13,724121 | +3.9% |
| 2026-09-20 | 13,21004 | 13,735603 | +4.0% |
| 2026-09-21 | 13,21004 | 13,677 | +3.5% |
| 2026-09-22 | 13,227513 | 13,643102 | +3.1% |
| 2026-09-23 | 13,21004 | 13,672219 | +3.5% |
| 2026-09-24 | 13,297872 | 13,738825 | +3.3% |
| 2026-09-25 | 13,297872 | 13,780034 | +3.6% |
| 2026-09-26 | 13,297872 | 13,633397 | +2.5% |
| 2026-09-27 | 13,297872 | 13,703242 | +3.0% |
| 2026-09-28 | 13,315579 | 13,758228 | +3.3% |
| 2026-09-29 | 13,315579 | 13,775357 | +3.5% |
| 2026-09-30 | 13,315579 | 13,944912 | +4.7% |
| 2026-10-01 | 13,315579 | 14,226014 | +6.8% |
| 2026-10-02 | 13,44086 | 14,125327 | +5.1% |
| 2026-10-03 | 13,44086 | 13,99728 | +4.1% |
| 2026-10-04 | 13,44086 | 13,907728 | +3.5% |
| 2026-10-05 | 13,477089 | 13,914938 | +3.2% |
| 2026-10-06 | 13,44086 | 13,863106 | +3.1% |
| 2026-10-07 | 13,422819 | 13,918481 | +3.7% |
| 2026-10-08 | 13,45895 | 13,927082 | +3.5% |
| 2026-10-09 | 13,404826 | 13,863021 | +3.4% |
| 2026-10-10 | 13,404826 | 13,83528 | +3.2% |
| 2026-10-11 | 13,404826 | 13,912695 | +3.8% |
| 2026-10-12 | 13,386881 | 13,938891 | +4.1% |
| 2026-10-13 | 13,404826 | 13,872086 | +3.5% |
| 2026-10-14 | 13,386881 | 13,819794 | +3.2% |
| 2026-10-15 | 13,422819 | 13,915704 | +3.7% |
| 2026-10-16 | 13,368984 | 13,892905 | +3.9% |
| 2026-10-17 | 13,368984 | 13,76704 | +3.0% |
| 2026-10-18 | 13,368984 | 13,828103 | +3.4% |
| 2026-10-19 | 13,368984 | 13,811983 | +3.3% |
| 2026-10-20 | 13,351135 | 13,817825 | +3.5% |
| 2026-10-21 | 13,351135 | 13,80408 | +3.4% |
| 2026-10-22 | 13,368984 | 13,922364 | +4.1% |
| 2026-10-23 | 13,386881 | 13,869591 | +3.6% |
| 2026-10-24 | 13,386881 | 14,081627 | +5.2% |
| 2026-10-25 | 13,386881 | 14,079687 | +5.2% |
| 2026-10-26 | 13,44086 | 14,001355 | +4.2% |
| 2026-10-27 | 13,477089 | 13,918982 | +3.3% |
| 2026-10-28 | 13,495277 | 13,949114 | +3.4% |
| 2026-10-29 | 13,477089 | 14,020482 | +4.0% |
| 2026-10-30 | 13,45895 | 14,18751 | +5.4% |
| 2026-10-31 | 13,45895 | 13,875028 | +3.1% |
| 2026-11-01 | 13,45895 | 13,994759 | +4.0% |
| 2026-11-02 | 13,477089 | 13,997737 | +3.9% |
| 2026-11-03 | 13,45895 | 13,965146 | +3.8% |
| 2026-11-04 | 13,422819 | 13,946375 | +3.9% |
| 2026-11-05 | 13,333333 | 13,918905 | +4.4% |
| 2026-11-06 | 13,422819 | 13,912156 | +3.6% |
| 2026-11-07 | 13,422819 | 13,851676 | +3.2% |
| 2026-11-08 | 13,422819 | 13,872179 | +3.3% |
| 2026-11-09 | 13,422819 | 13,927048 | +3.8% |
| 2026-11-10 | 13,351135 | 13,816951 | +3.5% |
Sources for 2026-11-10
| Rate | Source | What | Value | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Official | Bank of Botswana: Exchange rates (USD) | USD per 1 BWP, Bank of Botswana exchange rate, 2026-11-10 (rate) | 0.0749 | publication · document |
| Street rate | Yadio | hist/365/BWP, 2026-11-10 as published | 13.817 | SHA-256 193b98f17c71… raw response kept private during beta |
Day fact version 2, computed 2026-11-11 03:22 UTC. Street rate: median of platforms, each the median of its values for the day; USDT taken as 1 USD. Official: rate = 1 / obs_value # bob-bw